ESG Data Sheets

Japan

Environment
Social
Governance

The below table is a representative excerpt of data relating to Kyocera’s environment, social, and governance activities.

FY2017 : April 1, 2016 to March 31, 2017
FY2018 : April 1, 2017 to March 31, 2018
FY2019 : April 1, 2018 to March 31, 2019
FY2020 : April 1, 2019 to March 31, 2020
FY2021 : April 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021

Environment

Environmental management system

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Rate of ISO14001 certification	％	Consolidated (production sites)	-	78	82	85	85
In-house certification, auditing, etc.	％	Consolidated (production sites)	-	21	18	15	15

Greenhouse gas emissions

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Scope 1^*1	t-CO₂	Consolidated	133,440	127,270	122,851	159,000	159,426
Scope 2^*2	t-CO₂	Consolidated	978,560	961,730	897,557	832,267	684,122
Scope 3^*3	t-CO₂	Consolidated	5,139,007	4,737,305	4,738,392	4,650,618	4,451,465
Category 1: Purchased products and services	t-CO₂	Consolidated	3,807,862	3,718,703	3,645,685	3,451,644	3,509,674
Category 2: Capital goods	t-CO₂	Consolidated	226,911	164,319	211,678	309,248	335,606
Category 3: Fuel and energy-related activities not included in Scope 1 or 2	t-CO₂	Consolidated	170,913	163,575	161,453	181,407	130,086
Category 4: Upstream transportation and distribution	t-CO₂	Consolidated	52,391	48,376	45,927	18,500	24,711
Category 5: Waste generated in operations	t-CO₂	Consolidated	13,787	11,345	17,423	7,403	5,891
Category 6: Business travel	t-CO₂	Consolidated	9,120	9,120	9,993	9,946	1,010
Category 7: Employee commuting	t-CO₂	Consolidated	6,591	27,906	27,668	26,425	13,449
Category 8: Upstream leased assets	t-CO₂	Consolidated	100	115	110	15	98
Category 9: Downstream transportation and distribution	t-CO₂	Consolidated	31	31	29	3	3
Category 10: Processing of sold products	t-CO₂	Consolidated	Items such as printers, mobile phones and power tools are complete products and do not require processing. While electronic components are installed in final products by the purchasing company, the electric components themselves do not require significant processing.
Category 11: Use of sold products	t-CO₂	Consolidated	840,180	583,503	609,252	633,867	420,751
Category 12: End-of-life treatment of sold products	t-CO₂	Consolidated	11,121	10,312	9,174	12,160	10,186
Category 13: Downstream leased assets	t-CO₂	Consolidated	GHG emissions from tenants renting from affiliated companies are recorded in Scope 1 and 2.
Category 14: Franchising	t-CO₂	Consolidated	Not included in the table as Kyocera does not have any franchise locations.
Category 15: Investments	t-CO₂	Consolidated	Not included in the table as Kyocera does not have an investment or financial services business.

Some data has been corrected.

FY2021 target: 156,000 t-CO₂
FY2021 target: 815,000 t-CO₂
FY2021 target: 4,553,000 t-CO₂

Greenhouse gas emissions by region

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Japan	t-CO₂	Consolidated	-	709,373	677,363	619,057	512,669
China	t-CO₂	Consolidated	-	143,780	140,161	121,178	98,135
Asia	t-CO₂	Consolidated	-	71,462	67,749	84,729	84,637
Europe	t-CO₂	Consolidated	-	63,787	47,946	66,389	59,124
North America	t-CO₂	Consolidated	-	71,590	59,627	53,621	45,994
Central and South America	t-CO₂	Consolidated	-	29,008	27,562	46,293	42,989

Some data has been corrected.

Greenhouse gas emissions not including CO₂ emissions from energy production

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
CO₂	t-CO₂	Consolidated	-	171	8	2,547	2,853
CH4	t-CO₂	Consolidated	-	56	63	60	28
N2O	t-CO₂	Consolidated	-	9	13	152	188
HFCs	t-CO₂	Consolidated	-	0	1	14	124
PFCs	t-CO₂	Consolidated	-	3	3	598	598
SF6	t-CO₂	Consolidated	-	2,829	1,238	1,990	1,365
NF3	t-CO₂	Consolidated	-	0	0	232	202
Total	t-CO₂	Consolidated	-	3,068	1,326	5,593	5,358

Some data has been corrected.

CO₂ emissions associated with freight transport

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
CO₂ emissions associated with freight transport	t-CO₂	Kyocera	12,679	12,774	11,725	7,430	6,571

Energy

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Total energy consumption	MWh	Consolidated	1,989,611	2,323,315	2,830,966	2,555,834	2,716,247
Non-renewable fuel	MWh	Consolidated	-	578,349	1,265,380	939,283	973,790
Electricity from non-renewable sources	MWh	Consolidated	-	1,737,908	1,559,436	1,610,794	1,727,380
Energy for steam, heat, cooling and other uses purchased from non-renewable sources	MWh	Consolidated	-	4,248	3,811	2,247	3,085
Total amount of energy produced or purchased from natural sources	MWh	Consolidated	-	2,810	2,339	3,510	11,992
Total sales of energy other than renewable energy	MWh	Consolidated	0	0	0	0	0
Total non-renewable energy consumption	MWh	Consolidated	-	2,320,505	2,828,627	2,552,324	2,704,255
Crude oil conversion	Million L	Consolidated	501	516	519	501	498
Energy costs	Million yen	Consolidated	-	16,579	17,052	17,290	16,397

Some data has been corrected.

Water intake

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Industrial water and water from general municipal water supplies	1,000 m³	Consolidated	-	4,748	4,537	4,871	4,889
Freshwater intake	1,000 m³	Consolidated	-	0	0	0	0
Groundwater intake	1,000 m³	Consolidated	-	11,755	11,749	11,156	11,855
Pure freshwater intake	1,000 m³	Consolidated	15,870	16,503	16,286	16,027	16,744

Some data has been corrected.

Water intake by region

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Japan	1,000 m³	Consolidated	-	13,335	13,032	13,174	14,056
Europe	1,000 m³	Consolidated	-	161	208	214	200
West Asia	1,000 m³	Consolidated	-	18	24	23	24
Southeast Asia	1,000 m³	Consolidated	-	747	888	728	791
East Asia	1,000 m³	Consolidated	-	1,520	1,457	1,310	1,097
North America	1,000 m³	Consolidated	-	330	316	282	295
Central and South America	1,000 m³	Consolidated	-	392	361	297	282

Some data has been corrected.

Wastewater recycling

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Amount of recycled wastewater	1,000 m³	Consolidated	-	3,033	2,925	2,819	2,556
Amount of recycled wastewater: Japan	1,000 m³	Consolidated	-	3,033	2,884	2,785	2,423
Amount of recycled wastewater: North America	1,000 m³	Consolidated	-	0	41	34	105
Wastewater recycling ratio: Japan	％	Consolidated	-	19	18	17	15
Wastewater recycling ratio: North America	％	Consolidated	-	0	11	11	26

Some data has been corrected.

Wastewater

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Wastewater discharged into sewage systems	1,000 m³	Consolidated	-	3,359	3,092	1,552	2,723
Wastewater discharged into rivers and lakes	1,000 m³	Consolidated	-	10,368	10,563	11,377	9,845
Total wastewater volume	1,000 m³	Consolidated	-	13,727	13,655	12,936	12,568

Some data has been corrected.

Wastewater volume by region

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Japan	1,000 m³	Consolidated	-	11,119	10,824	10,282	10,240
Europe	1,000 m³	Consolidated	-	199	206	212	171
West Asia	1,000 m³	Consolidated	-	19	26	23	24
Southeast Asia	1,000 m³	Consolidated	-	436	649	674	728
East Asia	1,000 m³	Consolidated	-	1,305	1,306	1,176	843
North America	1,000 m³	Consolidated	-	297	283	272	280
Central and South America	1,000 m³	Consolidated	-	352	361	297	282

Some data has been corrected.

Wastes

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Amount of recycled	t	Consolidated	-	21,957	19,690	20,494	24,649
Total waste emissions	t	Consolidated	22,982	24,527	22,025	22,207	26,345
Reclaimed waste	t	Consolidated	-	2,570	2,335	1,713	1,696
Hazardous waste generated (special controlled industrial waste in Japan)	t	Consolidated	-	14,596	12,329	13,075	12,535

Some data has been corrected.

Waste recycling rate

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Recycling rate	%	Consolidated	-	90	89	92	100
Recycling rate: Japan	%	Consolidated	-	99	99	100	100
Recycling rate: Excluding Japan	%	Consolidated	-	71	67	78	76

Some data has been corrected.

Chemical substances

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Handling volume	t	Consolidated (Japan)	4,574	5,042	7,657	3,939	4,237
Emissions	t	Consolidated (Japan)	-	-	167	154	167
Amount transferred	t	Consolidated (Japan)	-	-	319	259	277
Emissions + Amount transferred	t	Consolidated (Japan)	372	412	486	413	444
VOC handling volumes	t	Kyocera	3,713	3,959	4,260	3,998	4,259
VOC atmospheric emissions	t	Kyocera	561	587	636	600	573

Some data has been corrected.

Pollutants

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Atmospheric pollutants: NOX	t	Consolidated (Japan)	30	37	35	32	36
Atmospheric pollutants: SOX	t	Consolidated (Japan)	6	5	6	6	5
Water pollutants: BOD	t	Consolidated (Japan)	23	23	20	31	34
Water pollutants: COD	t	Consolidated (Japan)	39	42	36	45	47

Investments

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Environmental and energy investment	Million yen	Consolidated (Japan)	263	556	1,056	809	781
Single-year economic effect of reducing environmental impact	Million yen	Consolidated (Japan)	956	900	264	128	103

Materials

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Amount of each raw material used (PRTR intake)	t	Consolidated (Japan)	4,574	5,042	7,657	3,939	4,237

Products

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
End-of-life products disposed	t	KDC	33	28	21	18	16
Products recycled after disposal	t	KDC	33	28	21	18	16
Container and packaging materials used	t	Kyocera	47	35	31	25	24

KDC: Kyocera Document Solutions

Environmental labeling

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Environmental product labels: Profitability of return on all Type III sales by Kyocera	％	KDC	-	2	2	3	3
Rate of return on all Kyocera sales of products with other environmental labels	％	KDC	-	12	14	14	14

KDC: Kyocera Document Solutions

Environmental violations

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report
Number of environmental violations (fines of USD 10,000 or more )	-	Consolidated
Fines for environmental violations (fines of USD 10,000 or more )	Yen	Consolidated
Environmental debt at the end of fiscal year	Yen	Consolidated

Social

Employee demographics

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Men	-	Consolidated	42,831	46,622	47,434	47,147	48,857
Women	-	Consolidated	27,322	29,318	29,438	28,358	29,633
Total	-	Consolidated	70,153	75,940	76,872	75,505	78,490
Percentage of female employees	％	Consolidated	38.9	38.6	38.3	37.6	37.8
Men	-	Consolidated (Japan)	21,002	21,296	21,241	21,313	21,977
Women	-	Consolidated (Japan)	4,488	4,599	4,739	4,912	5,145
Total	-	Consolidated (Japan)	25,490	25,895	25,980	26,225	27,122
Percentage of female employees	％	Consolidated (Japan)	17.6	17.8	18.2	18.7	19.0
Number of male in R&D department	-	Kyocera (Japan)	-	-	-	-	2,675
Number of female in R&D department	-	Kyocera (Japan)	-	-	-	-	340
Percentage of female employees in R&D department	％	Kyocera (Japan)	-	-	-	-	11.3
Percentage of dispatched workers and contracted employees	％	Consolidated (Japan)	20.0	20.0	20.0	20.6	20.7
Dispatched workers, etc. (senior employees, part and full-time sales staff, part-time workers, non-full-time sales staff, temporary employees, and other employees with determined contract lengths)	-	Consolidated (Japan)	6,277	6,615	6,621	6,813	7,088
Permanent employees + Temporary employees + Dispatched workers, etc.	-	Consolidated (Japan)	31,767	32,510	32,601	33,038	34,210

Management demographics

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Total number of employees in management positions	-	Consolidated	-	-	-	-	8,501
Number of management positions held by men	-	Consolidated	-	-	-	-	7,644
Number of management positions held by women	-	Consolidated	-	-	-	-	857
Percentage of management positions held by women	％	Consolidated	-	-	-	-	10.1
Total number of employees in management positions	-	Kyocera	2,608	2,880	2,955	3,093	3,280
Number of management positions held by men	-	Kyocera	2,571	2,838	2,903	3,014	3,163
Number of management positions held by women	-	Kyocera	37	42	52	79	117
Percentage of management positions held by women^*	％	Kyocera	1.4	1.5	1.8	2.6	3.5
Number of senior positions (junior management level and above) held by men	-	Kyocera	2,547	2,414	2,468	2,582	2,958
Number of senior positions (junior management level and above) held by women	-	Kyocera	160	212	241	284	346
Percentage of senior positions (junior management level and above) held by women	％	Kyocera	5.9	8.1	8.9	9.9	10.5
Number of sales division management positions held by men	-	Kyocera	320	342	336	327	333
Number of sales division management positions held by women	-	Kyocera	5	3	4	9	15
Percentage of sales division management positions held by women	％	Kyocera	1.5	0.9	1.2	2.7	4.3
Number of general manager or equivalent positions held by men	-	Kyocera	247	229	234	240	232
Number of general manager or equivalent positions held by women	-	Kyocera	2	2	2	1	4
Percentage of general managers or equivalent positions held by women	％	Kyocera	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.4	1.6

FY2024 target: 6%

Recruitment

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Number of new graduates employed (men)	-	Kyocera	386	312	487	589	524
Number of new graduates employed (women)	-	Kyocera	110	98	128	201	155
Number of mid-career hires (men)	-	Kyocera	266	650	232	211	253
Number of mid-career hires (women)	-	Kyocera	43	101	42	52	29
Percentage of mid-career hires	％	Kyocera	38.4	64.7	30.8	25.0	29.3
Total number of hires	-	Kyocera	805	1,161	889	1,053	961

Average years of service

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Men	Years	Kyocera	19	19	18	18	18
Women	Years	Kyocera	15	15	15	18	16

Age groups

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Men (ages 10 to 19)	-	Kyocera	338	246	545	507	352
Women (ages 10 to 19)	-	Kyocera	85	67	163	158	94
Men (ages 20 to 29)	-	Kyocera	2,215	2,474	2,805	2,673	3,009
Women (ages 20 to 29)	-	Kyocera	744	736	803	796	871
Men (ages 30 to 39)	-	Kyocera	3,670	3,555	3,521	3,518	3,514
Women (ages 30 to 39)	-	Kyocera	1,272	1,197	1,166	1,119	1,062
Men (ages 40 to 49)	-	Kyocera	4,623	4,372	4,162	4,109	4,046
Women (ages 40 to 49)	-	Kyocera	951	979	1,059	1,075	1,110
Men (ages 50 to 59)	-	Kyocera	5,066	5,231	5,224	5,237	5,222
Women (ages 50 to 59)	-	Kyocera	350	395	460	495	574
Men (ages 60 to 69)	-	Kyocera	47	27	30	25	47
Women (ages 60 to 69)	-	Kyocera	28	5	10	2	4

People with disability

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Number of employees with disabilities other than severe	-	Kyocera	220	229	243	266	279
Number of employees with severe disabilities	-	Kyocera	118	134	145	143	142
Percentage of employees with disabilities	％	Kyocera	2.01	2.13	2.22	2.26	2.28

Remuneration

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Average earnings for male managers (basic salary only)	Yen	Kyocera	9,030,880	9,251,489	9,063,038	9,052,525	8,703,979
Average earnings for female managers (basic salary only)	Yen	Kyocera	7,797,498	7,958,927	7,483,953	7,197,782	7,164,279
Average earnings for male managers (basic salary and incentives)	Yen	Kyocera	9,030,880	9,251,489	9,063,038	9,052,525	8,703,979
Average earnings for female managers (basic salary and incentives)	Yen	Kyocera	7,797,498	7,958,927	7,483,953	7,197,782	7,164,279
Average earnings for male employees in non-management positions	Yen	Kyocera	5,280,419	5,375,634	5,120,848	5,131,291	4,918,565
Average earnings for female employees in non-management positions	Yen	Kyocera	4,042,657	4,141,696	3,984,368	4,055,248	4,013,296
Average earnings for employees	Yen	Kyocera	6,891,571	7,207,982	7,231,082	7,158,563	6,840,910
Median earnings for employees	Yen	Kyocera	-	-	-	-	6,548,305

Employee turnover

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Turnover rate for all employees	％	Kyocera	5	5	5	4	4
Turnover rate for employees leaving for personal reasons	％	Kyocera	2	2	2	2	1
Turnover rate for male employees leaving for personal reasons	％	Kyocera	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.2	0.8
Turnover rate for female employees leaving for personal reasons	％	Kyocera	0.9	0.6	0.5	0.4	0.3

Uptake of available systems

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Percentage of annual paid leave taken	％	Kyocera	60	67	68	67	68
Average number of days of annual paid leave taken	Days	Kyocera	12	13	14	13	13
Number of employees using the parental leave system	-	Kyocera	165	170	182	201	190
Number of employees using the spousal childbirth support leave system	-	Kyocera	411	391	420	451	429
Number of employees using the parental shortened workday system	-	Kyocera	353	430	476	450	498
Number of employees using the family nursing care leave system	-	Kyocera	3	9	9	10	8

Unions

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Percentage of workers belonging to a union	％	Kyocera	94.3	94.6	93.4	95.8	96.3

Social contribution spending

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Charitable donations	Million yen	FY2017: Kyocera FY2018-FY2020: Consolidated (Japan) From FY2021: Consolidated	1	2	2	2	101
Time (employee volunteer activities during working hours)	Million yen		18	19	20	28	10
In-kind donations (provision of products and services, donation projects)	Million yen		0	0	0	10	25
Management expenses	Million yen		62	63	60	63	44
Total expenditure	Million yen		81	84	82	102	180
Number of external lectures (science education, environmental education, career education, etc.)	-	Consolidated (Japan)	165	147	107	76	8
Number of forest conservation and greenification activities	-	Consolidated (Japan)	4	4	4	4	5

Political expenditures

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Contributions to lobbying, etc.	Million yen	FY2017-FY2020: Kyocera From FY2021: Consolidated	3	1	2	1	0
Contributions to local, regional and national political campaigns	Million yen		0	0	0	0	0
Payments and donations to business organizations or tax-exempt organizations	Million yen		37	37	37	37	49
Other	Million yen		0	0	0	0	0
Total political funding and expenditure	Million yen	Kyocera	40	38	39	38	49

Safety management system

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Rate of ISO45001 certification	％	Consolidated (production sites)	-	43	46	53	51
In-house certification, auditing, etc.	％	Consolidated (production sites)	-	57	54	47	49

Accidents and diseases

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Lost time accident rate	Incidents per million hours	Consolidated (portion of locations in Japan and Asia)	0.33	0.27	0.32	0.22	0.30
Number of fatal accidents	-		0	1	0	0	0
Occupational disease rate	Incidents per million hours		-	0.11	0.18	0.07	0.21

Personal information

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Number of serious complaints	-	Kyocera	-	-	-	0	0

Governance

Board of Directors

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Number of male Directors	-	Kyocera	16	15	16	15	14
Number of female Directors	-	Kyocera	0	0	0	1	1
Number of Outside Directors	-	Kyocera	3	3	3	3	3
Number of Outside Directors designated as Independent Directors	-	Kyocera	2	2	2	3	3
Number of non-executive Directors and Independent Directors	-	Kyocera	3	3	3	3	3
Number of outside members with industry experience and non-management members	-	Kyocera	1	1	1	0	0
Number of meetings of the Board of Directors	-	Kyocera	12	12	12	13	12
Rate of attendance at meetings of the Board of Directors	％	Kyocera	93	92	91	93	87
Average years of service of Directors	Years	Kyocera	3	3	4	4	5

Audit & Supervisory Board

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Number of Audit & Supervisory Board Members	-	Kyocera	4	4	4	4	4
Number of Outside Auditors	-	Kyocera	2	2	2	2	2
Number of Audit & Supervisory Board meetings	-	Kyocera	8	9	8	8	8
Average attendance at Audit & Supervisory Board meetings	％	Kyocera	100	100	100	100	98

Nominating and Remuneration Committee

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Number of Nomination and Remuneration Committee members	-	Kyocera	-	-	4	4	4
Number of Outside Directors on the Nomination and Remuneration Committee	-	Kyocera	-	-	3	3	3
Number of meetings of the Nomination and Remuneration Committee	-	Kyocera	-	-	2	3	2
Average attendance at Nomination and Remuneration Committee meetings	％	Kyocera	-	-	100	92	100

Top management

Item	Unit	Boundary of the Report	FY2017	FY2018	FY2019	FY2020	FY2021
Number of male executives	-	Consolidated	-	-	-	-	145
Number of female executives	-	Consolidated	-	-	-	-	7
Percentage of female executives	%	Consolidated	-	-	-	-	4.8
Number of male executives	-	Kyocera	32	31	31	33	31
Number of female executives	-	Kyocera	0	0	0	2	3
Percentage of female executives	%	Kyocera	0	0	0	5.7	8.8